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1788 Baikal seal range Phoca sibirica The Baikal seal, Lake Baikal seal or nerpa ( Pusa sibirica), is a species of to in, Russia. Like the, it is related to the Arctic. The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals and the only exclusively species. A subpopulation of inland living in the Hudson's Bay region of Quebec, Canada ( lac de loups marins harbour seals), the (a ringed seal subspecies) and the (a ringed seal subspecies) are found in fresh water, but these are part of species that also have marine populations. The most recent population estimates are 80,000 to 100,000 animals, roughly equaling the expected of the lake.
At present, the species is not considered threatened, despite hunting (both legal and illegal) and pollution of the lake. Contents • • • • • • • Description [ ] The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals. Adults typically grow to 1.1–1.4 m (3 ft 7 in–4 ft 7 in) in length with a body mass from 63 to 70 kg (139 to 154 lb).
The maximum reported size is 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) in length and 130 kg (290 lb) in weight. There are significant annual variations in the weight, with lowest weight in the spring and highest weight, about 38–42% more, in the fall. The animals show very little; males are only slightly larger than females. They have a uniform, steely-grey coat on their backs and fur with a yellowish tinge on their abdomens. As the coat weathers, it becomes brownish. When born, the pups weigh 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb) and are about 70 cm (2 ft 4 in) long. They have coats of white, silky, natal fur.
This fur is quickly shed and exchanged for a darker coat, much like that of adults. Rarely, Baikal seals can be found with spotted coats.
A young seal Distribution [ ] The Baikal seal lives only in the waters of. It is something of a mystery how Baikal seals came to live there in the first place.
They may have swum up rivers and streams or possibly Lake Baikal was linked to the ocean at some point through a large body of water, such as the or, formed in a previous. The seals are estimated to have inhabited Lake Baikal for some two million years.
The areas of the lake in which the Baikal seals reside change depending on the season, as well as other factors. They are solitary animals for the majority of the year, sometimes living kilometers away from other Baikal seals. In general, a higher concentration of Baikal seals is found in the northern parts of the lake, because the longer winter keeps the ice frozen longer, which is preferable for pupping. However, in recent years, migrations to the southern half of the lake have occurred, possibly to evade hunters. In winter, when the lake is frozen over, seals maintain a few breathing holes over a given area and tend to remain nearby, not interfering with the food supplies of nearby seals. When the ice begins to melt, Baikal seals tend to keep to the shoreline.
Abundance and trends [ ]. A Baikal seal costume at the Nerpa Festival in, region, Since 2008, the Baikal seal has been listed as a species on the.
This means that they are not currently. In 1994, the Russian government estimated that they numbered 104,000. In 2000, performed its own count and found an estimated 55,000 to 65,000 seals.
The most recent estimates are 80,000-100,000 animals, roughly equaling the carrying capacity of the lake. In the last century, the kill quota for hunting Baikal seals was raised several times, most notably after the industry boomed in the late 1970s and when official counts began indicating more Baikal seals were present than previously known. The quota in 1999, 6,000, was lowered in 2000 to 3,500, which was still nearly 5% of the population if the Greenpeace count is correct. In 2013–2014, the hunting quota was set at 2,500.
In addition, new techniques, such as netting breathing holes and seal dens to catch pups, have been introduced. In 2001, a prime seal pelt would bring 1,000 at market. In 2004–2006, about 2,000 seals were killed per year according to official Russian statistics, but in the same period another 1,500–4,000 are thought to have died annually due to drowning in fishing gear, poaching, and the like. In 2012–2013, it was estimated that 2,300–2,800 were hunted per year (combined legal hunting and poaching). Some groups have pressured for higher hunting quotas.
Another problem at Lake Baikal is the introduction of pollutants into the ecosystem. 
Such as and, as well as industrial waste, mainly from the Baikalisk pulp and paper plant, are thought to have enhanced the effect of several disease epidemics among Baikal seal populations. The chemicals are speculated to concentrate up the and weaken the Baikal seal's immune system, making them susceptible to diseases such as and the plague, which was the cause of a serious Baikal seal epidemic that resulted in the deaths of 5,000–6,500 animals in 1987-1988. Small numbers died as recently as 2000, but the reason for their deaths is unclear. Canine distemper is still present in the Baikal seal population, but has not caused mass deaths since the earlier outbreaks.