To successfully treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathophysiological events in preclinical stages need to be identified. Preclinical AD refers to the stages that exhibit amyloid deposition in the brain but have normal cognitive function, which are replicated in young adult APPswe/PS1deltaE9 (deltaE9) mice. By long-term in vivo two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate impaired adaptive spine plasticity in these transgenic mice illustrated by their failure to increase dendritic spine density and form novel neural connections when housed in enriched environment (EE). Decrease of amyloid plaques by reducing BACE1 activity restores the gain of spine density upon EE in deltaE9 mice, but not the remodeling of neural networks. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory treatment with pioglitazone or interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in deltaE9 mice successfully rescues the impairments in increasing spine density and remodeling of neural networks during EE.
Our data suggest that neuroinflammation disrupts experience-dependent structural plasticity of dendritic spines in preclinical stages of AD. Adaptive plasticity of dendritic spines is impaired in deltaE9 mice. A, b Two-photon micrographs of GFP-labeled apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons.
Mice were housed in standard conditions (SC) and imaged twice in a week apart before being housed in enriched environment (EE) ( a). In b, mice were housed in SC throughout the experiment. Empty or dark arrows point to eliminated or formed spines compared to previous imaging session. Blue arrowheads mark spines that existed in the first imaging session and were stable over the entire imaging period while red arrowheads represent gained spines in the first week of EE or matching period of SC that survived over the rest of imaging period. C– e Quantifications of relative spine density, fraction of eliminated or formed spines in mice housed under EE ( above) or SC ( below). F, g Fractions of spines from the first imaging session that remained stable during the whole imaging period.
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H, i Fractions of gained spines in the first week of EE or matching period of SC that remained stable during the whole imaging period. J The data at day 43 from h and j were compared by one-way ANOVA. Scale bar 2 µm. Reduction of BACE1 restores the spine density increase, but not neural circuit remodeling, upon EE in deltaE9 mice. A Two-photon micrographs of GFP-labeled apical dendrites.
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